Factors influencing the use of contraceptive among female students in Tai Solarin University of Education 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1              Background of the Study

            There is growing awareness within the Nigeria society of the importance of the knowledge of family planning. Despite numerous advertisements, family planning clinics, mass media, peer group influence and health conferences, seminars with posters and enlightment campaign on the need to reduce the number of children individual could have . Studies show that there is population explosion daily, Moronkola, (2010) .

Some associated the use of contraceptive with their religious belief while some are ignorant of the use of contraceptive or it might be due to the effect of the environmental influence which bring about unwanted pregnancy. Lots of thing have been identified to be the cause of unplanned pregnancies in part of family planners which are negative attitudes of family planners towards students, inadequate facilities to educated the students on the importance of knowledge of family planning, inability to counsel them on area of prevention, fertility rate, history taking and dealing with personal stress and uneasy accessibility of family planning center. Adeniyi,(2010)

Young people often know little or have incorrect information about contraception. Young men are more likely than women to mention lack of knowledge and are much more likely to say that it is their partners’ responsibility to avoid pregnancy. Even when young people can name contraceptives they often do not know where to get them or how to use them. Adolescents have negative attitudes about contraception, have heard false rumour and have received misleading information about contraception. For example, students in Kenya and Nigeria had heard about contraceptives but incorrectly cited dangerous side effects (Barker, 2011). Even when young adults know about contraceptives, few use them. This may be because it is more difficult for young adults to obtain contraceptives than it is for older married couples. Even when young people have information about contraceptives and access to services, many contextual factors affects their contraceptive practices.

The poor correspondence between knowledge and use of modern methods has drawn attention to adolescents’ perceptions about the positive and negative aspects of modern contraception. In a study concluded in Burkina Faso, Gorgen, Biraga and Diesfeld (2013) noted that the reluctance to use modern methods stemmed from a fear that uses might cause infertility that the contraceptive pill might produce damaging side effects and that forgetting to take the pill was a serious risk. Another perceived barrier to method use stems from the alienation that many adolescents feel when they attend maternal and child health clinics, the primary sources of contraceptive methods, they are looked at as commercial sex workers. Because of overt social disapproval of premarital sexual activity and the general lack of privacy at these clinics, many adolescent girls feel that when they attempt to procure contraceptives they subject themselves to gossip and to negative attitudes from health personnel (Gorgen, Biraga and Diesfeld 2013; Berglund 2011, Senderowitz 2012). Other adolescents believe that condoms are unnatural that they reduce pleasure or sensation (Agyei and Epema (2013) pointed out that their use indicated a general lack of respect for the female partner (Agyei and Epema 2012). While some girls feel that a partners wish to use a condom suggest that they, the girls are not clean, that they are commercial sex workers, or that they are involved in extra – relationship sexual activity (Feldman, Peggy and Yinglu 2012).

Girls who carry condoms around may be perceived as being ready for sex or sexually available, a situation that would reduce their eligibility as potential wives. Such beliefs have been found to produce a strong negative attitude to past condom use and to current intentions to use condoms among students in tertiary institutions (Edom and Harvey, 2012). This study therefore tends to examine the knowledge and attitude of university students towards contraceptive use. Hill, (2012)

1.2 Statement of Problems

            It is critically important for students to embark on the use of contraceptive for unplanned pregnancy, the modern ways of family planning and the use of contraceptive for unplanned pregnancy has caused many life of innocent soul,(WHO,2009).Many factors converge to shape a woman’s attitudes about the use of contraceptive and the need for contraceptive. One factor is ambivalence about pregnancy. In a recent study 62% of woman considered it very important in avoiding pregnancy, 20% considered it only for important and 18% said avoiding pregnancy was of little or no importance. WHO,(2010)

            Students who are ambivalent about avoiding pregnancy are less likely to use contraception use that put them at risk for unwanted pregnancy. Health care providers should discuses pregnancy risk and contraceptive options with students who are not motivated to prevent pregnancy and emphasized the value of planning for a healthy pregnancy before it occurs. Another factor that influences students’ contraceptive use is her level of satisfaction with her chosen method. Many students are dissatisfied with their contraceptive options.

In a recent study (Hill, 2010) students chose their current method primarily because they did not like any other method. As with previous studies (Josaphat , 2006; Byamugisha, 2006; Abiodun , 2001; Nworah , 2010), the commonest source of information about contraception was friends and rarely health institution and family planning clinics despite the fact that these are dedicated specifically to such duties. Information obtained from friends about the use and practice of contraception are often misleading as they contain a lot of misinformation, distortion, falsehood and misconceptions, and often times self centered (Abiodun , 2011; Baker and Rioh, 1992). It is against this background that this researchers intends to examine factors influencing choice of contraceptive among female students in Tai Solarin University of Education .

1.3 Research Questions

i.            Will mass media be a factor influencing the use of contraceptive among female students in Tai Solarin University of Education?

ii.            Will peer group be a factor influencing the use of contraceptive among female students in Tai Solarin University of Education?

iii.            Will attendance of conference/seminar be a factor influencing the use of contraceptive among female students in Tai Solarin University of Education?

iv.            Will health information posters be a factor influencing the use of contraceptive among female students in Tai Solarin University of Education?

v.            Will religion be a factor influencing the use of contraceptive among female students in Tai Solarin University of Education?

vi.            Will accessibility be a factor influencing the use of contraceptive among female students in Tai Solarin University of Education?

1.4 Research Hypotheses

The following research hypotheses guided the study and were tested accordingly.

1.      Mass media will not be a significant factor influencing the use of contraceptive among female students in Tai Solarin University of education.

2.      Peer group will not be a significant factor influencing the use of contraceptive among female students in Tai Solarin University of Education

3.      Attendance of conference/seminar will not be a significant factor influencing the use of contraceptive among female students in Tai Solarin University of Education

4.      Health information posters will not be a significant factor influencing the use of contraceptive among female students in Tai Solarin University of Education.

5.        Religion will not be a significant factor influencing the use of contraceptive among female students in Tai Solarin University of Education.

6.        Accessibility will not be a significant factor influencing the use of contraceptive among female students in Tai Solarin University of Education.

1.5 Delimitation of the Study

The study was delimited to:

i.                     Female students of   Tai Solarin University of Education

ii.                     Self structured questionnaire for data collection.

iii.                     Three hundred (300) undergraduates of Tai Solarin University of Education

iv.                     Seventy five (75) undergraduates from each of the four colleges will be randomly selected for this study in the following ratio.

COSIT -90

COHUM -90

COAVOET-50

COSMAS-70

v.                     Proportional and stratified random sampling techniques to select 200respondents.

vi.                     The use of frequency counts and percentages will be used to analyse the demographic data, while inferential statistics of Chi-square (X²) will be used in testing the formulated hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance.

vii.                     Two research assistants.

viii.                      The variables are:

§  Mass media 

§  Peer group 

§  Attendance of conference/seminar 

§  Health information posters    

§  Religion   

§  Accessibility 

1.6 Limitation of the Study

This study  may be  hindered by lack of necessary information because of the members of the society were not willing to give confidential information about themselves , also getting the  students  to cooperate with the researcher  may  poised a problem based on the fact that some of them  may be  shy to discuss the topic . The study may equally have financial constraint for exclusive work to be carried out.

1.7 Significance of the Study

The major reason for carrying out this research work was to determine the factors influencing the use if contraceptives among female students in TASUED   .  Therefore, this research may be of benefit to those who do not have knowledge on contraceptives use . Result from this research work may be useful among students of child bearing age in Ijebu ode local government area of Ogun state. It may serve as a source of literature contributing to academic knowledge. It may serve to educate and provide family planning services. Healthcare workers can take advantage of the study to discuss contraceptive use among students and methods that suit an individual's needs. Such interventions and personalized counseling may lead to higher continuation rates and increased user satisfaction.

1.8 Definition of Term

Abortion: Interruption of Pregnancy before 28^th Week.

Abstinence: Total; Avoidance of Sexual Intercourse.

Child Bearing Age: This is a reproductive period in a woman (between the ages of 12-49 years)

Coitus interrupts: This is a sexual contact between a man and a woman during which the erected penis enter the vagina and is moved out and ejaculation occurs outside the vagina.

Conception: Fertilization of the ovum by the sperm, resulting in pregnancy.

Contraception: Process of preventing pregnancy.

Contraceptive: This is a substance that kills spermatozoa or hinders conception.

Contraindication: Conditions which could prevent the use of a particular drug or treatment.

Ejaculation: Discharging of semen and sperm from the penis.

Fertility:- Ability to produce pregnancy

Libido: Sexual urge.

Menstrual Cycle:  The periodic from the beginning of menstruation to the beginning of the next menstruation.

Ovulation: Release of the ripped egg from the ovary usually occurring mid way between the menstrual cycles each month.

Religion: This is a belief in the existence of a supernatural ruling power.

Semen: Fluid released from the male sexual organ during sexual excitement through ejaculation.

Sexual Drive:  the desire to have sex.

Sperm: the male cell or egg production by the testicles which responsible for the fertilization of the ovum for pregnancy to occur.

Students:- Person who is studying at university

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